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Two empirical models to describe the performance of operating sand filter were developed using historical data from Massachusetts and Florida. A total of 143 observations of sand filter performance were used to develop the empirical models. Sand effective size and depth were shown to be the most important factors in describing effluent quality of the operating sand filters. Influent strength over the normal ranges for domestic wastewater, loading rate, sand uniformity coefficient and temperature had little impact on effluent quality.