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Annual precipitation rates of 350-400 mm (14-16 in) in the western portions of the Palouse region in eastern Washington limit dryland wheat production. Growers typically adopt fallow management practices as part of a regular rotation to increase available soil moisture for the subsequent crop. Traditionally, repeated tillage (tillage fallow) has been used to mechanically kill weeds to eliminate transpirational water loss. Conservation tillage in the region often entails the use of direct seed tillage systems coupled with herbicide use as an alternative weed control agent during the fallow period (chemical fallow or chem-fallow) to minimize soil disturbance. Although previous studies have examined chemical fallow implementation, most research has been conducted at research field stations. The objective of this study is to evaluate the potential conservation benefits of using chemical fallow on operational farms, providing insight into runoff and erosion control under real world scenarios.