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Driven by increasingly severe water shortages, irrigation management advisory services will need to achieve dramatic advances in analytical capabilities in the span of a decade or two. Limited water supplies are driving the adoption of deficit irrigation strategies, requiring more precise control of soil water conditions to manage - rather than avoid - crop water stress. Increasing dependence on waste water reuse is stimulating interest in bioremediation in the rhizosphere for distributed, low cost tertiary treatment of irrigation return flows even before they leave the root zone. These paradigm changes will depend upon more precise management of soil water movement, dwell times and root system contact.