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Current EPA guidance recommends that the phased TMDL approach be used in situations where limited existing data are used to develop a TMDL and the State believes that the use of additional data or data based on better analytical techniques would likely increase the accuracy of the TMDL load calculation and merit development of a second phase TMDL. This paper discusses the data uncertainties leading to the use of a phased TMDL in a specific coal mining watershed in southwestern Virginia. The TMDL addressed a benthic impairment that was linked through use of a stressor analysis with excessive sediment (TSS) and total dissolved solids (TDS).