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Introductory paragraphs: Any structural member that has compressive stresses can experience a unique type of failure called buckling. A buckling failure is not related to the magnitude of the stresses: It is a function of the geometric properties of the member. Buckling occurs in columns that support compressive loads, in the compression flange of beams, in thin-wall tubes subjected to a twisting moment, and in plate and shell-type structures. Buckling can affect the complete structure or a small region of a member. Localized buckling can produce a series of wrinkles that disappear when the load is removed.