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Introductory paragraphs: This is the second of three chapters that discuss the design of members subjected to combined loads. The emphasis in this chapter is on torsion and bending. This combination of loadings occurs in the members of a plane grid, which is a structural system that lies in the x-z plane and supports vertical loads, that is, loadings parallel to the y axis. The supports prevent vertical movement and may also prevent rotation about the x and/or z axes. The members in a plane grid are subjected to twisting moments about the x axis and bending moments about the z axis. Utility trailers are very common examples of the plane grid structural system.