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Increased impervious surface area is a consequence of urbanization, which exert multiple pressures on the hydrologic cycle. Specifically, increase in impervious surface result in increased hydraulic efficiency in urban catchments, and can substantially decrease capacity for a given landscape or region to infiltrate precipitation, with a concomitant increase in the production of runoff, shorter times of concentration or lag times and decreased groundwater recharge. Urbanization also has indirect effects on downstream flooding and on aquatic ecosystems.